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network-security.md
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network-security.md
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# Network & Security Configuration
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Complete guide for securing and networking your homelab.
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## SSH Security Setup
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### Initial Configuration
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```bash
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# Generate SSH key pair
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ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "homelab-key" -f ~/.ssh/homelab_ed25519
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# Copy public key to target
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ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/homelab_ed25519.pub user@target
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```
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### SSH Hardening
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Edit `/etc/ssh/sshd_config`:
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```
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# Disable root login
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PermitRootLogin no
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# Use key-based authentication only
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PasswordAuthentication no
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PubkeyAuthentication yes
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# Change default port (optional)
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Port 2222
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# Restrict users
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AllowUsers hoborg
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# Security settings
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Protocol 2
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X11Forwarding no
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AllowTcpForwarding no
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ClientAliveInterval 300
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ClientAliveCountMax 2
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MaxAuthTries 3
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MaxStartups 2
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```
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Restart SSH: `sudo systemctl restart sshd`
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### SSH Client Configuration
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Create `~/.ssh/config`:
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```
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Host homelab
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HostName your-domain.duckdns.org
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User hoborg
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Port 2222
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IdentityFile ~/.ssh/homelab_ed25519
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ServerAliveInterval 60
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```
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## Dynamic DNS with DuckDNS
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### Account Setup
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1. Create account at duckdns.org
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2. Create subdomain: `ak-homelab.duckdns.org`
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3. Get token from dashboard
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### Automatic IP Updates
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Update script at `~/.local/scripts/duckdns.py` (Python implementation)
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Cron job for automatic updates:
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```bash
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# Update every 5 minutes
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*/5 * * * * /home/hoborg/.local/scripts/duckdns.py >/dev/null 2>&1
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```
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### Testing
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```bash
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# Check current IP
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curl -s https://ipinfo.io/ip
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# Verify DNS resolution
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nslookup ak-homelab.duckdns.org
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```
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## VPN Setup with WireGuard
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### Server Configuration
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Install WireGuard: `pacman -S wireguard-tools`
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Generate keys:
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```bash
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wg genkey | tee server_private.key | wg pubkey > server_public.key
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```
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Server config `/etc/wireguard/wg0.conf`:
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```ini
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[Interface]
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PrivateKey = <SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY>
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Address = 10.0.0.1/24
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ListenPort = 51820
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PostUp = iptables -A FORWARD -i %i -j ACCEPT; iptables -A FORWARD -o %i -j ACCEPT; iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
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PostDown = iptables -D FORWARD -i %i -j ACCEPT; iptables -D FORWARD -o %i -j ACCEPT; iptables -t nat -D POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
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[Peer]
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PublicKey = <CLIENT_PUBLIC_KEY>
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AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.2/32
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```
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### Client Configuration
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Generate client keys:
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```bash
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wg genkey | tee client_private.key | wg pubkey > client_public.key
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```
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Client config:
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```ini
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[Interface]
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PrivateKey = <CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY>
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Address = 10.0.0.2/24
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DNS = 1.1.1.1
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[Peer]
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PublicKey = <SERVER_PUBLIC_KEY>
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Endpoint = ak-homelab.duckdns.org:51820
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AllowedIPs = 0.0.0.0/0
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PersistentKeepalive = 25
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```
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### Enable VPN
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```bash
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sudo systemctl enable wg-quick@wg0
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sudo systemctl start wg-quick@wg0
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```
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## Firewall Configuration
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### UFW Setup
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```bash
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# Install and enable UFW
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pacman -S ufw
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sudo ufw enable
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# Default policies
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sudo ufw default deny incoming
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sudo ufw default allow outgoing
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# SSH access
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sudo ufw allow 2222/tcp
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# WireGuard
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sudo ufw allow 51820/udp
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# HTTP/HTTPS for services
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sudo ufw allow 80/tcp
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sudo ufw allow 443/tcp
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```
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### Advanced Rules
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```bash
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# Rate limiting for SSH
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sudo ufw limit 2222/tcp
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# Allow from specific networks
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sudo ufw allow from 192.168.1.0/24 to any port 22
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# Log denied connections
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sudo ufw logging on
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```
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## Network Security Best Practices
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### Port Management
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- **Change default ports**: SSH (2222), WireGuard (51820)
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- **Close unused ports**: Regular port scans with nmap
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- **Port forwarding**: Only forward necessary ports
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### Access Control
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- **VPN-first approach**: Access services through VPN tunnel
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- **IP whitelisting**: Restrict access to known IPs when possible
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- **Rate limiting**: Prevent brute force attacks
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### Monitoring
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- **Log analysis**: Monitor `/var/log/auth.log` for SSH attempts
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- **Network monitoring**: Use netstat/ss to check listening ports
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- **Intrusion detection**: Consider fail2ban for automated blocking
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## Router Configuration
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### Port Forwarding
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Forward these ports to your homelab server:
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- SSH: External port → Internal 2222
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- WireGuard: 51820 → 51820
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- Web services: 80/443 → 80/443 (if needed)
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### Security Settings
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- **Disable WPS**: Turn off WiFi Protected Setup
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- **Strong WiFi password**: WPA3 with complex passphrase
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- **Guest network**: Separate network for guests
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- **Firmware updates**: Keep router firmware current
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## Network Planning
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### IP Address Scheme
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- **Router**: 192.168.1.1
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- **Homelab server**: 192.168.1.100 (static)
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- **DHCP range**: 192.168.1.10-99
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- **VPN subnet**: 10.0.0.0/24
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### DNS Configuration
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- **Primary DNS**: Router (192.168.1.1)
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- **Secondary DNS**: 1.1.1.1, 8.8.8.8
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- **Local domain**: homelab.local
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- **Dynamic DNS**: ak-homelab.duckdns.org
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### Service Architecture
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```
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Internet → Router → Homelab Server
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↓
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┌─────────────────────────────┐
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│ SSH (2222) │
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│ WireGuard VPN (51820) │
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│ Web Services (80/443) │
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│ Monitoring & Logging │
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└─────────────────────────────┘
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```
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## Backup and Recovery
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### Configuration Backups
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- **SSH keys**: Store securely, separate from server
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- **WireGuard configs**: Document peer configurations
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- **Firewall rules**: Export UFW rules with `ufw status numbered`
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### Network Documentation
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- **IP mappings**: Document static assignments
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- **Port forwards**: List all forwarded ports and purposes
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- **Access credentials**: Secure storage of passwords/keys
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